Antibody responses to MAP 1B and other Cowdria ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle challenged with tick-transmitted heartwater.

Serological diagnosis of heartwater or Cowdria ruminantium infection has been hampered by severe cross-reactions with antibody responses to related ehrlichial agents. A MAP 1B indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that has an improved specificity and sensitivity for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies has been developed to overcome this constraint (A. H. M. van Vliet, B. A. M. Van der Zeijst, E. Camus, S. M. Mahan, D. Martinez, and F. Jongejan, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2405-2410, 1995). When sera were tested from cattle in areas of endemic heartwater infection in Zimbabwe, only 33% of the samples tested positive in this assay despite a high infection pressure (S. M. Mahan, S. M. Samu, T. F. Peter, and F. Jongejan, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 849:85-87, 1998). To determine underlying causes for this observation, the kinetics of MAP 1B-specific IgG antibodies in cattle after tick-transmitted C. ruminantium infection and following recovery were investigated. Sera collected weekly over a period of 52 weeks from 37 cattle, which were naturally or experimentally infected with C. ruminantium via Amblyomma hebraeum ticks, were analyzed. MAP 1B-specific IgG antibody responses developed with similar kinetics in both field- and laboratory-infected cattle. IgG levels peaked at 4 to 9 weeks after tick infestation and declined to baseline levels between 14 and 33 weeks, despite repeated exposure to infected ticks and the establishment of a carrier state as demonstrated by PCR and xenodiagnosis. Some of the serum samples from laboratory, and field-infected cattle were also analyzed by immunoblotting and an indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) to determine whether this observed seroreversion was specific to the MAP 1B antigen. Reciprocal IFAT and immunoblot MAP 1-specific antibody titres peaked at 5 to 9 weeks after tick infestation but also declined between 30 and 45 weeks. This suggests that MAP 1B-specific IgG antibody responses and antibody responses to other C. ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle despite repeated exposure to C. ruminantium via ticks. Significantly, serological responses to the MAP 1B antigen may not be a reliable indicator of C. ruminantium exposure in cattle in areas of endemic heartwater infection.

Analysis of bovine B cell reactive monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) submitted to the workshop B cell panel were screened for reactivity with bovine surface immunoglobulin positive (SIg+) cells from tonsil, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), ileal Peyer's patches (IPP), thymus and peripheral blood by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. All mAbs within B cell panel reacted with B cells except the negative control mAb VPM61. Although most mAbs stained the majority of B cells from different tissues, 14 mAbs did not stain B cells from IPP. Detailed FACS analysis of the 24 mAbs in preliminary clusters PC17, PC28, PC29, PC30, PC35, PC41 and PC43 showed all preliminary clusters (PC) to contain mAbs with similar and variable specificities. This absence of clear-cut clusters therefore did not permit a simple classification of B cell surface antigens via the B cell mAbs and suggests considerable complexity and variability of the B cell surface.

Identification of bovine B cell reactive and B cell specific monoclonal antibodies.

All monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) submitted to the workshop panel were screened for reactivity with bovine surface immunoglobulin (sIg)+ cells (gated small dense lymphocytes from peripheral blood) by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Eighteen temporary clusters--TCs 1-12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 25 and 26--contained mAbs reactive with sIg+ cells. mAb BAS21A (unclustered) and CC92 (TC25) were also reactive with sIg+ cells. Further FACS analysis with B cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes and mesenteric lymph nodes, and B and T lymphoma cell lines, indicated that the majority of mAbs within TCs 2, 4, 15, 18 and 26 reacted specifically with bovine B cells. Bovine B cell specific mAbs within these clusters were TH14B, IL-A55, CACT101A, MUC76A from TC4, VPM30, GC65A, CACT65A from TC15, IL-A58, CC56, CC70, IL-A65 from TC18, and CC57 and 26A9 from TC26. Three mAbs--IL-A65, CC70, and BAQ15A--within TC18 defined WC3; mAbs TD9 and CC56 may also be related to WC3.

An immunoblotting diagnostic assay for heartwater based on the immunodominant 32-kilodalton protein of Cowdria ruminantium detects false positives in field sera.

Heartwater, a major constraint to improved livestock production in Zimbabwe, threatens to invade areas which have been previously unaffected. To monitor its spread in Zimbabwe, an immunoblotting diagnostic assay based on the responses of animals to the immunodominant, conserved 32-kDa protein of Cowdria ruminantium was evaluated. In this assay, no false reactions were detected with sera known to be positive and negative, but sera from some cattle, sheep, and goats from heartwater-free areas of Zimbabwe reacted strongly with the 32-kDa protein, suggesting that either these animals had previous exposure to heartwater or they were false positives. To investigate the possibility of previous exposure to heartwater, 11 immunoblot-positive and 6 immunoblot-negative sheep from heartwater-free areas of Zimbabwe were compared regarding their susceptibilities to challenge with C. ruminantium. Prior to challenge, C. ruminantium could not be detected in any sheep by transmission to Amblyomma hebraeum ticks or by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conducted with plasma samples. All sheep were equally susceptible to the challenge, and infection was confirmed by brain biopsy, necropsy, PCR, and transmission of C. ruminantium to ticks. Our data suggest that the immunoblot-positive reactions of sera from heartwater-free areas were due not to previous C. ruminantium infection but rather to antigenic cross-reactivity between C. ruminantium and another agent(s) such as Ehrlichia species. In conclusion, the immunodominant 32-kDa protein is not antigenically specific to C. ruminantium and its use in serological diagnosis of heartwater requires reevaluation.